North Korea’s economy shrank for the second straight year in 2021, according to a new estimate by the Seoul-based Bank of Korea (BOK), as the country’s self-imposed pandemic isolation weighed on its economy.

Drawing inferences from South Korean economic data, the BOK placed the North’s real gross domestic product (GDP) at just $25 billion last year. By comparison, South Korea’s GDP was $1.8 trillion in 2021 — over 50 times higher than the DPRK.

The estimated 0.1% contraction comes after a larger 4.5% dip in GDP in 2020, when the country sealed its borders from the outside world as COVID-19