North Korea relies on older Nvidia graphics cards and Qualcomm chips to apply artificial intelligence (AI) in military, surveillance and cyber purposes, a ROK report found, suggesting Pyongyang can make some technological progress without advanced AI infrastructure or capabilities.

The Institute for National Security Strategy’s (INSS) report Monday is a follow-up to its November research, which outlined the DPRK’s broader progress in developing AI capabilities.

Citing publicly available North Korean research papers, the INSS found the DPRK had focused on training small and medium AI models using Nvidia Tesla P100 and GeForce RTX 2070 graphics cards.

ROK researchers also