The Kim Jong Un-era North Korea features stronger social surveillance, indicating ongoing gaps between the system and reality, a report published on Tuesday by Seoul’s Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU) reads.

This year’s white paper noted a partly improved human rights situations in North Korea, but said public executions and violations in correctional facilities are still happening, based on testimonies by defectors last year.

“According to the directive to annihilate the defector’s entire family and relatives, defection seems to largely decreased,” the report reads.

But contrary to the directive, punishment against defectors’ family seems to be getting lighter.

“The 2015 research shows