Editor’s note: This article is the second in a two-part series on what North Korea has learned from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The first part on Pyongyang’s intelligence operations can be read here.

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine precipitated the largest land war in Europe since the end of World War II, bringing one of the world’s largest militaries into direct conflict with a much smaller neighbor backed by the U.S. and its allies.

And half a world away, North Korea is keen to learn from the once-in-a-generation conflict and